H.R. 1- Big Beautiful Bill Act: What North Central Massachusetts Businesses Need to Know

A Legislative Update for Members of the North Central Massachusetts Chamber of Commerce

Overview

The One Big Beautiful Bill Act is a budget reconciliation bill that reduces taxes, modifies spending for various federal programs, increases the statutory debt limit, and addresses agencies and programs throughout the federal government that was signed into law by President Trump on July 4, 2025. This budget reconciliation package consolidates policy priorities from 10 Senate committees into a single, sweeping legislative framework with 870 pages of provisions that significantly impact tax policy, business operations, and federal spending across multiple sectors.

Key Business Tax Provisions

Small Business Benefits

Qualified Business Income Deduction (Section 199A)

• Makes the 20% qualified business income deduction permanent (originally set to expire December 31, 2025)
• Expands the phase-in range by increasing thresholds from $50,000/$100,000 to $75,000/$150,000 for single/joint filers respectively
• Introduces an inflation-adjusted minimum deduction of $400 for taxpayers with at least $1,000 of qualifying business income

Enhanced Business Expensing

• Permanent 100% bonus depreciation for qualified property acquired and placed in service after January 19, 2025
• Increases Section 179 small business expensing cap from $1.25 million to $2.5 million
• Temporary 100% expensing for certain newly constructed nonresidential real property used in qualified production activities (construction must begin after January 19, 2025, and before January 1, 2029)

Research and Development

• Permanently restores the ability to immediately expense domestic research and experimental expenditures for tax years beginning after December 31, 2024

Business Interest Deduction

• Reinstates the more favorable EBITDA-based calculation for business interest deduction limits, replacing the less favorable method that had been in effect since 2022

State and Local Tax (SALT) Deduction Relief

• Temporarily increases the SALT deduction cap from $10,000 to $40,000 for individual taxpayers ($20,000 for married filing separately) beginning in 2025 through 2029
• Phases out for taxpayers with modified adjusted gross income over $500,000 ($250,000 for married filing separately), but the deduction cannot fall below $10,000
• Cap increases by 1% annually through 2029, then reverts to $10,000 permanently in 2030
• Particularly benefits small business owners in pass-through entities (partnerships, S corporations, LLCs) who pay state and local taxes on business income through their individual returns
• Preserves existing pass-through entity tax (PTET) workarounds that many states have implemented, allowing small businesses to continue deducting state taxes paid at the entity level

Reporting Relief

• 1099-K relief: Reverses the planned reduction of 1099-K reporting thresholds, reinstating the $20,000 and 200 transaction requirements (previously scheduled to drop to $600 for 2026). This significantly reduces reporting burdens for businesses using payment platforms.
• 1099-MISC/NEC threshold increases: Raises reporting thresholds from $600 to $2,000 for independent contractor payments beginning in 2026, reducing administrative burden for businesses hiring freelancers or contractors.

Individual Tax Changes Affecting Business Owners

Personal Income Tax Rates

• Makes permanent the individual tax rates of 10%, 12%, 22%, 24%, 32%, 35%, and 37% from the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act
• Increases standard deduction to $15,750 for single filers, $23,625 for heads of household, and $31,500 for married filing jointly (adjusted for inflation)

Estate Tax Provisions

• Permanently increases estate tax exemption to $15 million for single filers ($30 million for married filing jointly) beginning in 2026, indexed for inflation

Employee-Related Provisions

No Tax on Tips and Overtime

• Tips Provision: Eliminates federal income tax on qualified tips up to $25,000 annually
  • Income limitations: Deduction phases out for individuals earning more than $150,000 ($300,000 for joint filers) – reduced by $100 for each $1,000 over the threshold
  • Occupational restrictions: Limited to occupations that “customarily and regularly received tips” on or before December 31, 2024 (Treasury Secretary must publish qualifying occupations list within 90 days)
  • Qualifying industries: Expected to include waitresses/waiters, rideshare and food delivery drivers, taxi drivers, beauticians, hair dressers, bartenders
  • Excluded industries: Not available for certain industries (specific list to be published by Treasury for later guidance)
  • Cash tips only: Includes cash payments and charged tips, excludes non-cash tips (gift baskets, movie tickets, etc.)
  • Service charges excluded: Mandatory service charges and auto-gratuities do not qualify
  • Social Security/Medicare taxes still apply: Only eliminates federal income tax, not payroll taxes
• Overtime Provision: Eliminates federal income tax on qualified overtime pay up to $12,500 annually ($25,000 for joint filers)
  • Income limitations: Same phase-out thresholds as tips provision ($150,000/$300,000)
  • FLSA requirement: Only applies to overtime required under Fair Labor Standards Act, not state law or voluntary overtime
  • Premium pay only: Only the premium portion of overtime pay qualifies (e.g., if regular pay is $10/hour and overtime is $15/hour, only the $5 premium qualifies)
• Temporary provision: Both tips and overtime deductions expire after 2028

Child Tax Credit

• Permanently increases the child tax credit to $2,200 per qualifying child beginning in 2025

Enhanced Family and Medical Leave Tax Credit

• Makes permanent the employer tax credit for paid family and medical leave (originally set to expire December 31, 2025)
• Credit ranges from 12.5% to 25% of wages paid to qualifying employees during family and medical leave
• New provision allows employers to claim the credit against premiums paid for qualifying paid leave insurance policies
• Expands qualification requirements, allowing employers to reduce the employment period requirement from one year to six months
• Allows employers previously disqualified by state leave requirements to qualify by counting amounts above what is required by state law

Employer-Provided Childcare Benefits

• Dramatically increases the maximum employer-provided childcare tax credit from $150,000 to $500,000 annually
• Increases the percentage of covered expenses from 25% to 40% of qualified childcare expenses
• Special benefits for small businesses: Maximum credit increases to $600,000 with a 50% credit rate for eligible small businesses (those with gross receipts of $31 million or less in 2025)
• New childcare pooling provision: Allows small businesses to pool their resources together to provide childcare services to their employees while retaining eligibility for the tax credit
• Permits businesses to utilize third-party intermediaries for childcare services while maintaining credit eligibility

Student Loan Assistance

• Makes permanent the exclusion of employer-paid student loan repayments from employees’ taxable income
• Maintains the $5,250 annual limit with inflation adjustments beginning in 2027

Economic Impact Analysis

According to the Congressional Budget Office, the legislation would increase deficits by $2.4 trillion over 10 years, with additional debt service costs of $551 billion, bringing the total deficit impact to $3.0 trillion. Independent analysis estimates the Act would increase long-run GDP by 1.2 percent while reducing federal tax revenue by $5 trillion over the next decade.

Potential Challenges for Businesses

Healthcare and Labor Costs

• Medicaid coverage reductions: The Congressional Budget Office estimates that 11.8 million Americans could lose health coverage under Medicaid over the next decade, potentially increasing the number of uninsured workers in the labor pool. This may lead to:
  • Higher demand for employer-sponsored health insurance as workers lose public coverage
  • Increased healthcare costs for businesses that provide insurance
  • Greater likelihood of employees seeking jobs specifically for health benefits
  • Potential productivity impacts from workers with untreated health conditions
• SNAP cost-shifting: Shifts costs of the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) to states with error payment rates above 6%, beginning in 2028. This could result in:
  • Reduced SNAP benefits in affected states, potentially increasing financial stress on lower-wage employees
  • Higher employee turnover as workers struggle with food insecurity
  • Increased requests for wage advances or emergency assistance from employers
  • Greater need for employee assistance programs
• Healthcare Provider Business Impacts: Healthcare businesses face specific operational challenges:
  • Reduced patient volumes as 11.8 million Americans lose Medicaid coverage, directly impacting revenue for hospitals, clinics, and other healthcare facilities
  • Provider tax limitations with maximum rates gradually decreasing to 3.5% by FY2032, potentially reducing state funding available to support healthcare facilities
  • Rural healthcare funding provides $50 billion over five years (2026-2030) but ends in 2030 and may not offset broader Medicaid reductions
  • State-directed payment limits restricting payments for hospital and healthcare services under Medicaid managed care contracts to Medicare payment rates rather than higher commercial rates
  • Increased uncompensated care as more people become uninsured, straining finances particularly for safety-net hospitals and community health centers

Energy Sector Changes

• Terminates numerous tax incentives from the 2022 Inflation Reduction Act for clean energy, electric vehicles, and energy efficiency programs
• Ends tax credits for new and used electric vehicles, installation of home EV charging equipment, and energy efficiency improvements

Regional Considerations for North Central Massachusetts

Manufacturing and Production Benefits

The enhanced business expensing provisions and R&D incentives should particularly benefit the region’s manufacturing sector, allowing for immediate deduction of equipment purchases and domestic research investments.

Service Sector Impact

The permanent 20% qualified business income deduction will continue to benefit many service businesses in the region. The no-tax provisions on tips and overtime will primarily benefit middle-income workers in qualifying occupations, as lower-income tipped workers often already owe little to no federal income tax. Higher-earning tipped workers (over $150,000) will see the benefit phase out. The enhanced FMLA tax credit and childcare pooling provisions create new opportunities for small businesses to collaborate on employee benefits.

Small Business Support

The increased Section 179 expensing limits and enhanced bonus depreciation provide significant tax advantages for small and medium-sized businesses looking to invest in equipment and expansion. The childcare pooling provision is particularly beneficial for North Central Massachusetts small businesses looking to improve employee recruitment and retention. It allows multiple small employers to work together to provide childcare services that might be individually unaffordable, while all participants remain eligible for the enhanced tax credit – helping address one of the biggest challenges working parents face when choosing employers.

Impact on Massachusetts State Government and Programs

Based on Congressional Budget Office estimates and the official legislation, Massachusetts faces several significant impacts from the One Big Beautiful Bill Act that extend beyond the business provisions outlined above.

Healthcare System Changes: The Congressional Budget Office estimates that 11.8 million Americans will lose health insurance coverage by 2034 due to new Medicaid work requirements, eligibility changes, and marketplace modifications. Massachusetts, having expanded Medicaid under the Affordable Care Act, will face new federal work requirements for non-disabled adults aged 19-64 in the expansion population. The state will also experience limited ability to fund the state share of Medicaid and overall decreased federal funding for state Medicaid programs, along with increased administrative burden for state eligibility staff.

Food Assistance Program Changes: Starting in 2028, Massachusetts will be required to pay a share of SNAP benefits based on the state’s payment error rates, representing a shift from the current system where the federal government pays the full cost. This change will require the state to either increase funding for food assistance or potentially reduce benefits if federal funding gaps cannot be filled.

Higher Education Funding: The legislation modifies Pell Grant eligibility requirements and eliminates grants entirely for students attending college less than half-time, which will disproportionately impact community colleges. However, the Act also creates new “Workforce Pell Grants” for students enrolled in eligible workforce programs that provide 150-600 clock hours of instruction over a minimum of 8 weeks, potentially benefiting community colleges and other accredited training providers that offer short-term workforce programs. These changes could affect thousands of Massachusetts students, particularly those in workforce development and continuing education programs.

State Fiscal Response: According to the Congressional Budget Office’s distributional analysis, the legislation will affect state fiscal responses through changes in state taxes and spending resulting from changes in federal program funding. Massachusetts will need to make policy decisions about whether to backfill federal funding reductions or allow program cuts to take effect.

Implementation Timeline

• Immediate Effect: Many provisions took effect upon signing on July 4, 2025
• January 1, 2026: Most individual tax provisions become effective
• 2028: SNAP cost-sharing with states begins for those with high error rates
• 2031: Deadline for qualified production property expensing benefits

What Businesses Should Do Now

1. Review Tax Strategy: Consult with tax professionals to understand how the permanent QBI deduction and enhanced expensing provisions affect your specific situation
2. Capital Investment Planning: Consider accelerating equipment purchases to take advantage of 100% bonus depreciation for property acquired after January 19, 2025
3. Employee Compensation Review: Evaluate compensation structures in light of the no-tax provisions on tips and overtime, keeping in mind income limitations and occupational restrictions. Ensure proper reporting requirements are met for qualifying tip and overtime income.
4. Employee Benefits Review: Consider implementing or expanding paid family and medical leave programs to take advantage of the enhanced tax credit, including potential insurance policy arrangements
5. Childcare Partnerships: Small businesses may want to consider exploring opportunities to pool resources with other local employers to provide childcare services, taking advantage of the enhanced credit and new pooling provisions
6. Estate Planning Update: Business owners should review estate plans given the increased exemption amounts
7. R&D Planning: Companies engaged in research and development should reassess their tax strategies given the return to immediate expensing

Conclusion

The One Big Beautiful Bill Act represents the most significant tax legislation in years, with substantial changes affecting businesses through enhanced deductions, permanent tax rate reductions, and improved capital investment incentives. The legislation also presents challenges, particularly around healthcare costs, energy tax credits, and federal program changes. The impact on North Central Massachusetts businesses will vary significantly depending on industry sector, business size, and individual circumstances, with some businesses benefiting substantially while others may face increased costs or operational challenges.

Business owners should work closely with their tax and legal advisors to fully understand and optimize their position under the new law.

Disclaimer: This summary is provided for informational purposes only and is based on official sources including Congressional Budget Office reports, the official legislation text, and government publications. This information does not constitute legal, tax, or financial advice. The North Central Massachusetts Chamber of Commerce makes no representations or warranties regarding the accuracy or completeness of this information. Tax laws are complex and subject to interpretation and change. Members should consult with qualified attorneys, certified public accountants, or other professional advisors before making any business decisions based on this information. The Chamber strongly recommends that businesses seek professional guidance to understand how these legislative changes may specifically impact their individual circumstances.

Sources

Primary Legislative Sources:

• H.R. 1 – 119th Congress (2025-2026): One Big Beautiful Bill Act, Congress.gov. Available at: https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/house-bill/1
• Text of H.R.1 – 119th Congress (2025-2026): One Big Beautiful Bill Act, Congress.gov. Available at: https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/house-bill/1/text
• Summary of H.R.1 – 119th Congress (2025-2026): One Big Beautiful Bill Act, Congress.gov. Available at: https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/house-bill/1/summary

Congressional Budget Office Reports:

• Estimated Budgetary Effects of H.R. 1, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (As passed by the House of Representatives on May 22, 2025). Congressional Budget Office, Publication 61461. Available at: https://www.cbo.gov/publication/61461
• H.R. 1, One Big Beautiful Bill Act (Dynamic Estimate). Congressional Budget Office, Publication 61486. Available at: https://www.cbo.gov/publication/61486
• Distributional Effects of H.R. 1, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act. Congressional Budget Office, Publication 61387. Available at: https://www.cbo.gov/publication/61387
• How H.R. 1, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act, Would Affect the Distribution of Resources Available to Households (Interactive Tool). Congressional Budget Office, Publication 61469. Available at: https://www.cbo.gov/publication/61469
• Debt-Service Effects Derived From H.R. 1, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act. Congressional Budget Office, Publication 61459. Available at: https://www.cbo.gov/publication/61459
• Preliminary Analysis of the Distributional Effects of the One Big Beautiful Bill Act. Congressional Budget Office, Publication 61422. Available at: https://www.cbo.gov/publication/61422

Additional Official Sources:

• Estimated Budgetary Effects of a Bill to Provide for Reconciliation Pursuant to Title II of H. Con. Res. 14, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (As ordered reported by the House Committee on the Budget on May 18, 2025). Congressional Budget Office, Publication 61420. Available at: https://www.cbo.gov/publication/61420
• Estimated Budgetary Effects of an Amendment in the Nature of a Substitute to H.R. 1, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act, Relative to CBO’s January 2025 Baseline. Congressional Budget Office, Publication 61534. Available at: https://www.cbo.gov/publication/61534